Now that international law enforcement shut down a go-to money transfer service used by cyber criminals, the impact temporarily will be “devastating” on the underground market.
The downfall of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rica-based online business that allowed users to anonymously move money and convert digital currency, was solidified when its founder Arthur Budovsky was arrested Friday in Spain.
As of Tuesday, the company website, LibertyReserve.com, only features a message saying it's been seized by U.S. law enforcement.
Between 2006 and this month, Liberty Reserve processed around 55 million financial transactions, according to an indictment unsealed Tuesday in U.S. District Court in New York. Security blogger Brian Krebs first posted word of the indictment on Saturday.
Liberty Reserve laundered more than $6 billion in criminal proceeds, according to the indictment, which named Budovsky and six others as defendants.
Liberty Reserve had more than one million users and allegedly facilitated a range of illegal activity like computer hacking, credit card fraud, drug trafficking, investment fraud, child pornography and identity theft, the indictment said.
Steve Santorelli, director of security research nonprofit Team Cymru, told SCMagazine.com on Tuesday that online miscreants heavily relied on the service to keep their activities off the radar of police.
“This is going to be devastating for the underground economy, but it's only going to be devastating for a short period of time,” Santorelli said. “It's been around for a long time and it's become a bit of a mainstay of the underground economy.”
In the short term, criminals will turn to smaller competitors that provide similar services, he predicted.
Budovsky incorporated Liberty Reserve in 2006, after Gold Age, one of the first digital currency exchanges, failed.
Prosecutors said he renounced his U.S. citizenship and became a Costa Rican citizen in 2011 so that Liberty Reserve could remain undetected by law enforcement here – a feat he failed to accomplish with Gold Age. In December 2006, Budovksy was convicted in New York of operating Gold Age, an unlicensed money transmitting company.
After Gold Age's demise, Liberty Reserve grew to become the “bank of choice for the criminal underground,” the indictment said, since users could essentially open accounts and transfer money anonymously.
When registering for Liberty Reserve, account holders only needed to input basic information such as their names, dates of birth and email addresses, and none of the data was verified. Users could also hide their account numbers when transferring funds, and the site's operators required all deposits and withdrawals to be made through third-parties to prevent Liberty Reserve from having to collect user information that could be tracked by police, the indictment said.
Along with Budovsky, six other individuals were charged in connection with Liberty Reserve's operations: Vladimir Kats, Liberty Reserve's co-founder; Ahmed Abdelghani and Allan Jimenez, who at various times managed its day-to-day operations; and Azzeddine El Amine, who oversaw various financial accounts operated by the company. Mark Marmilev and Maxim Chukharev were indicted and described as “associates” of ringleader Budovsky, who designed and maintained Liberty Reserve's IT infrastructure.
The defendants are charged with one count each of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business and for operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business.
Idan Aharoni, head of cyber intelligence at RSA, wrote Tuesday in a blog post that the impact of Liberty Reserve's sudden disappearance is “severe,” but that fraudsters will turn to other resources as they have done in the past.
In addition to migrating to other e-currency services, Aharoni said digital crooks could adopt Bitcoin, an open-source digital currency that has exploded in popularity.
